MMME3085_Lab_2/res/lab_2/SimplisticRampStepper/SimplisticRampStepper.ino

/* Stepper motor demonstration program written by Arthur Jones,
   4 November 2018.  Implements a simplistic and ineffective ramping 
   algorithm but provides framework for implementation of LeibRamp 
   algorithm described by Aryeh Eiderman, http://hwml.com/LeibRamp.pdf

   Makes use of background work and some aspects of code developed
   by Choaran Wang, 2017-18. This in turn incorporates some ideas
   used in the AccelStepper library:
   https://www.airspayce.com/mikem/arduino/AccelStepper/

   Serial input aspects are based closely upon:
   http://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=396450
   Example 4 - Receive a number as text and convert it to an int
   Modified to read a long */

// #define USEINTERRUPTS
const int stepPin = 13;
const int dirPin = 9;
const bool FWDS = true;
const bool BWDS = false;
#ifdef USEINTERRUPTS
const long ticksPerSec = 16000000; // Clock speed of Arduino
#else
const long ticksPerSec = 1000000; // microseconds in this case
#endif


/* Define permissible parameters for motor */
// For testing by watching LED: try movements in order of 100 steps
//float accelSteps=20; /* leave this as a variable as we may over-write it */
//const float minSpeed = 2.0;
//const float maxPermissSpeed = 20.0;
//const float maxAccel = 10.0;
//const long stepLengthMus = 10000;

// For lab testing with real motor: try movements in the order of 3000 steps
  float accelSteps=1000; /* leave this as a variable as we may over-write it */
  const float minSpeed=10.0;
  const float maxPermissSpeed=1000.0;
  const float maxAccel=500.0;
  const long stepLengthMus=100;

/* Intervals in milliseconds for user-defined timed loops */
const long printInterval = 1000;

/* Global variables used for loop timing */
unsigned long prevMillisPrint = 0;        /* stores last time values were printed */

/* Global variables used in serial input */
enum {numChars = 32};
char receivedChars[numChars];    /* an array to store the received data */
long dataNumber = 0;             /* Value read from serial monitor input */
boolean newData = false;

/* Global variables relating to stepper motor position counting etc. */
long stepsToGo;             /* Number of steps left to make in present movement */
long targetPosition;        /* Intended destination of motor for given movement */
volatile long currentPosition = 0;   /* Position in steps of motor relative to startup position */
double maxSpeed;            /* Maximum speed in present movement (not nec. max permitted) */
bool direction;             /* Direction of present movement: FWDS or BWDS */

volatile float p;   /* Step interval in clock ticks or microseconds */
float p1, ps;       /* Minimum and maximum step periods */
double deltaP;      /* You'll be able to get rid of this later */
double R;           /* Multiplying constant used in Eiderman's algorithm */

/* Global variable used for noting previous time of a step in timed loop */
long prevStepTime;

void setup()
{
  long stepsToGo = 0;
  currentPosition = 0;
  goToPosition(dataNumber);
  pinMode(stepPin, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(dirPin, OUTPUT);
  Serial.begin(9600);
  Serial.println("Enter target position in number of steps and hit return");

// If USEINTERRUPTS is defined at the start of the program this section will be used
#ifdef USEINTERRUPTS
  cli();
  TCCR1A = 0; // No output compare
  TCCR1B = 0;
  TCCR1B |= (1 << WGM12); //CTC mode
  OCR1A = 0; // Set to zero for the present time: catch this to switch interrupt off
  TCCR1B |= (1 << CS12);  // 256 prescaler: overwritten in ISR
  TIMSK1 |= (1 << OCIE1A); //enable timer compare interrupt
  sei();
#else  //
  // Use built-in Arduino function micros() to get the time in microseconds since the program started running.
  // Documentation: https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/language/functions/time/micros/
  prevStepTime = micros();   // This is a built-in Arduino function.
#endif
}

void loop()
{
  unsigned long currentMillis = millis();
  unsigned long currentMicros;
  recvWithEndMarker();
  stepsToGo = computeStepsToGo();
  if (convertNewNumber())
  {
    /* Only get to this stage if there was new data to convert */
    if (stepsToGo <= 0)
    {
      /* Only get to this stage if not busy, otherwise will have thrown away input */
      goToPosition(dataNumber);

      /* Delete these and replace with Leib Ramp formulae */
      double maxInterval = ((double)ticksPerSec) / minSpeed;
      ps = ((double)ticksPerSec) / maxPermissSpeed;
      deltaP = (maxInterval - ps) / accelSteps;
      /* End of section requiring redefinitions */

      stepsToGo = computeStepsToGo();
      maxSpeed = maxPermissSpeed;
      if (2 * accelSteps > stepsToGo)
      {
        /* Definiiton of S where ther is no constant speed period - check it is still applicable */
        accelSteps = (long)(stepsToGo / 2);
        /* Need to redefine maxSpeed here as we never fully accelerate */ 
      }

      /* Will need to over-write these with correct initial value of p and p1, along with R */
      p = maxInterval;
      p1 = (double)ticksPerSec/minSpeed;
      /* End of section requiring redefinitions */

      ps = ((double)ticksPerSec) / maxSpeed; /* Eq 7 in paper: this is OK */

#ifdef USEINTERRUPTS
      if (p != 0)
      {
        // Re-enable interrupts if non-zero steps
        TIMSK1 |= (1 << OCIE1A);
      }
#endif
    }
  }
#ifndef USEINTERRUPTS

  /* Timed loop for stepping, and associated coding */
  currentMicros = micros();
  if (currentMicros - prevStepTime >= p)
  {
    moveOneStep();
    prevStepTime = currentMicros;
    computeNewSpeed();
  }
#endif
  /* Timed loop for printing */
  if (currentMillis - prevMillisPrint >= printInterval)
  {
    /* Save the last time output was printed */
    prevMillisPrint = currentMillis;
    printLoop();
  }
}

void moveOneStep()
/* Move a single step, holding pulse high for delayMicroSeconds */
{
  if (p != 0) /* p=0 is code for "don't make steps" */
  {
    digitalWrite(stepPin, HIGH);
    if (direction == FWDS)
    {
      /* Is something missing here? */
      currentPosition++;
    }
    else
    {
      /* Is something missing here? */
      currentPosition--;
    }
    delayMicroseconds(stepLengthMus);
    digitalWrite(stepPin, LOW);
  }
}

void computeNewSpeed()
/* Calcuate new value of step interval p based on constants defined in loop() */
{
  /* You may need to declare some temporary variables for this function... */
  stepsToGo = computeStepsToGo();

  if (stepsToGo == 0)
  {
    p = 0; // Not actually a zero step interval, used to switch stepping off
    return;
  }
  else if (stepsToGo > accelSteps && (long)p > long(ps))
  /* Speeding up */
  {
    /* Delete this simplistic change to p and replace with something else */
    p -= deltaP;
  }
  else if (stepsToGo <= accelSteps)
  /* Slowing down */
  {
    /* Delete this simplistic change to p and replace with something else */
    p += deltaP;
  }
  else
  /* Running at constant speed */
  {
    /* For simpplistic approach, p=p so do nothing to it.  
       But you will need to put something here for Leib ramp ... */
  }
  /* Update to step interval based on Leib ramp algorithm, using temporary variables */

  /* Need to ensure rounding error does not cause drift outside acceptable interval range: 
     replace p with relevant bound if it strays outside - so need to write some code here */

  
}

long computeStepsToGo()
/* Work out how far the stepper motor still needs to move */
{
  if (direction == FWDS)
  {
    return targetPosition - currentPosition;
  }
  else
  {
    return currentPosition - targetPosition;
  }
}

void goToPosition(long newPosition)
/* Set the target position and determine direction of intended movement */
{
  targetPosition = newPosition;
  if (targetPosition - currentPosition > 0)
  {
    direction = FWDS;
  }
  else
  {
    direction = BWDS;
  }
}

void recvWithEndMarker()
/* Receive data from serial port finishing with "newline" character.
   Based on http://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=396450 Example 4 */
{
  static byte ndx = 0;
  char endMarker = '\n';
  char rc;

  if (Serial.available() > 0) 
  {
    rc = Serial.read();

    if (rc != endMarker) 
    {
      receivedChars[ndx] = rc;
      ndx++;
      if (ndx >= numChars) 
      {
        ndx = numChars - 1;
      }
    }
    else 
    {
      receivedChars[ndx] = '\0'; // terminate the string
      ndx = 0;
      newData = true;
    }
  }
}

bool convertNewNumber()
/* Converts character string to long integer only if there are new
       data to convert, otherwise returns false */
{
  if (newData) 
  {
    dataNumber = 0.0;             // new for this version
    dataNumber = atol(receivedChars);   // new for this version
    newData = false;
    return true;
  }
  else
  {
    return false;
  }
}

void printLoop()
/* Print current position of stepper using timed loop */
{
  /* Sample all counters one after the other to avoid delay-related offsets */
  Serial.print("Current position = ");
  Serial.print(currentPosition);
  Serial.print("\r\n");
}

#ifdef USEINTERRUPTS
ISR(TIMER1_COMPA_vect)
/* Interrupt service routine which essentially just calls moveOneStep and computeNewSpeed.
   However, it also changes the prescale value on-the-fly so that the full range of possible
   step rates can be exploited, from around 0.25 Hz upwards, limited by step pulse width. */
{
  if (p == 0)
  {
    // Disable interrupt to avoid endless calling of interrupt if not needed
    TIMSK1 &= !(1 << OCIE1A);
  }
  moveOneStep();

  /* Adapt prescaler to keep OCR1A as large as possible within acceptable range */
  if (p < 65536)
  {
    // Prescaler 1
    OCR1A = (long)p - 1;
    TCCR1B = (TCCR1B & 0xF8) | 0x01;
  }
  else if (p < 524288)
  {
    // Prescaler 8
    OCR1A = ((long)p >> 3) - 1;
    TCCR1B = (TCCR1B & 0xF8) | 0x02;
  }
  else if (p < 4194304)
  {
    // Prescaler 64
    OCR1A = ((long)p >> 6) - 1;
    TCCR1B = (TCCR1B & 0xF8) | 0x03;
  }
  else if (p < 16777216)
  {
    // Prescaler 256
    OCR1A = ((long)p >> 8) - 1;
    TCCR1B = (TCCR1B & 0xF8) | 0x04;
  }
  else
  {
    // Prescaler 1024
    OCR1A = ((long)p >> 10) - 1;
    TCCR1B = (TCCR1B & 0xF8) | 0x05;
  }
  computeNewSpeed();
}
#endif