add notes on mmme/1048 thermodynamics lecture 1

uni/mmme/1048_thermodynamics_and_fluid_mechanics/thermodynamics.md

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+---
+author: Alvie Rahman
+date: \today
+title: MMME1048 // Thermodynamics
+tags: [ uni, nottingham, mechanical, engineering, mmme1048, thermodynamics ]
+---
+
+# What is Thermodynamics?
+
+Thermodynamics deals with the transfer of heat energy and temperature.
+
+# Concepts and Definitions
+
+## System
+
+A region of space, marked off by its boundary.
+It contains some matter and the matter inside is what we are investigating.
+
+There are two types of sysems:
+
+- Closed systems
+
+  - Contain a fixed quantity of matter
+  - Work and heat cross bounaries
+  - Impermeable boundaries, some may be moved
+  - Non-flow processes (no transfer of mass)
+
+- Open systems
+
+  - Boundary is imaginary
+  - Mass can flow in an out (flow processes)
+  - Work and heat transfer can occur
+
+## Equilibrium
+
+The system is in equilibrium if all parts of the system are at the same conditions, such as pressure
+and temperature.
+
+The system is not in equilibrium if parts of the system are at different conditions.
+
+#### Adiabatic
+
+A process in which does not cross the system boundary
+
+## Properties of State
+
+*State* is defined as the condition of a system as described by its properties.
+The state may be identified by certain observable macroscopic properties.
+These properties are the *properties of state* and they always have the same values for a given
+state.
+
+A *property* can be defined as any quantity that depends on the *state* of the system and is
+independant of the path by which  the system arrived at the given state.
+Properties determining the state of a thermodynamic system are referred to as *thermodynamic
+properties* of the *state* of the system.
+
+Common properties of state are:
+
+- Temperature
+- Pressure
+- Mass
+- Volume
+
+And these can be determined by simple measurements.
+Other properties can be calculated:
+
+- Specific volume
+- Density
+- Internal energy
+- Enthalpy
+- Entropy
+
+### Intensive vs Extensive Properties
+
+In thermodynamics we distinguish between *intensive*, *extensive*, and *specific* properties:
+
+- Intensive --- properties which do not depend on mass (e.g. temperature)
+- Extensive --- properties which do depend on the mass of substance in a system (e.g. volume)
+- Specific (extensive) --- extensive properties which are reduced to unit mass of substance
+  (essentially an extensive property divided by mass) (e.g. specific volume)
+
+## Units
+
+Property        | Symbol | Units           | Intensive | Extensive
+--------------- | ------ | --------------- | --------- | ---------
+Pressure        | p      | Pa              | Yes       |
+Temperature     | T      | K               | Yes       |
+Volume          | V      | m$^3$           |           | Yes
+Mass            | m      | kg              |           | Yes
+Specific Volume | $\nu$  | m$^3$ kg$^{-1}$ |  Yes      |
+Density         | $\rho$ | kg m$^{-3}$     |  Yes      |
+Internal Energy | U      | J               |           | Yes
+Entropy         | S      | J K$^{-1}$      |           | Yes
+Enthalpy        | H      | J               |           | Yes
+
+## Thermodynamic Processes and Cycles
+
+When a thermodynaic system changes from one state to another it is said to execute a *process*.
+An example of a process is expansion (volume increasing).
+
+A *cycle* is a process or series of processes in which the end state is identical to the beginning.
+And example of this could be expansion followed by a compression.
+
+### Reversible and Irreversible Proccesses
+
+During reversible processes, the system undergoes a continuous succession of equilibrium states.
+Changes in the system can be defined and reversed to restore the intial conditions
+
+All real processes are irreversible but some can be assumed to be reversible, such as controlled
+expansion.
+
+### Constant _____ Processes
+
+#### Isothermal
+
+Constant temperature process
+
+#### Isobaric
+
+Constant pressure process
+
+#### Isometric / Isochoric
+
+Constant volume process
+
+## Heat and Work
+
+Heat and Work are different forms of enery transfer.
+
+They are both transient phenomena and systems never possess heat or work.
+Both represent energy crossing boundaries when a system undergoes a change of state.
+
+By convention, the transfer of energy into the system from the surroundings is positive.
+
+### Heat
+
+*Heat* is defined as:
+
+> The form of energy that is transferred across the boundary of a system at a given temperature to
+> another system at a lower temperature by virtue of the temperature difference between the two
+
+### Work
+
+*Work* is defined as:
+
+$$W = \int\! F \mathrm{d}x$$
+
+(the work, $W$, done by a force, $F$, when the point of application of the force undergoes a
+displacement, $\mathrm dx$)
+
+# Process and State Diagrams
+
+Reversible processes are represented by solid lines, and irreversible processes by dashed lines.