diff --git a/uni/mmme/2xxx/2047_thermodynamics_and_fluid_dynamics/dimensional_analysis.md b/uni/mmme/2xxx/2047_thermodynamics_and_fluid_dynamics/dimensional_analysis.md new file mode 100755 index 0000000..f5efdab --- /dev/null +++ b/uni/mmme/2xxx/2047_thermodynamics_and_fluid_dynamics/dimensional_analysis.md @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +--- +author: Akbar Rahman +date: \today +title: MMME2047 // Dimensional Analysis +tags: [ mmme2047, uni, fluid_dynamics, dimensional_analysis ] +uuid: +--- + +In lab tests it is not always possible to use the actual scale of the prototype, +actual flow speed, or actual fluid. +In these cases a model is used. + +Dimensional analysis allows: + +- experiments to be performed on a scaled models or using different fluids +- reduced number of parameters (and therefore tests), and also +- tests to have greater generality + + +# Introduction Physical Similarity + +How to make sure a prototype and a scale model are physically similar + +- Geometrical similarity --- all dimensions in all three coordinates have the same + linear scale ratioi. + + This includes surface roughness (e.g. a 10x smaller model have 10x smaller roughness) +- Kinematic similarity ---velocities at corresponding points in the two flows are in the same direction and related by a constant scale factor in magnitude +- Dynamic similarity --- requires that the magnitude ratio of any two forces in one system must be the same as the magnitude ratio of the corresponding forces in the other system + +Kinematic and Dynamic similarity are ensued by equality of the governing +nondimensional parameters. + +# Dimensions and Units + +There are four basic dimensions for fluid dynamics: + +- Mass (sometimes replaced by a force) +- Length +- Time +- Temperature + +A nondimensional (dimensionless) group does not have any dimension or units, such +as the Reynolds number: + +$$\text{Re} = \frac{\rho U x}{\mu)$$ + +# Example of Dimensional Analysis + +![](./images/dim_anal_example.png) + +In order to maintain a constant $\omega$ a certain torque $T$ is required to overcome +the shear stress exerted by the fluid on the surface of the rotating cone. + +The experiment wants to answer: How are $T$ and $\omega$ related? + +Doing this by testing the parameters individually would take too long as there are +several: $\omega$, $D$, $\rho$, $\mu$. +Doing 10 experiments per parameter would take $10^4$ experiments to get a full idea. +This would take ages. + +This is where dimensional analysis helps as it means we only need 2 nondimensional groups +to relate the 4 parameters: momentum coefficient, $C_m$, and Reynolds number, $Re$. + +$$C_m = \frac{T}{\frac12 \rho \omega^2D^5} \rightarow C_m = g(\text{Re})$$ + +This suggests that the parameters can be reduced to a single parameters - the rotating +Reynolds number. +This drastically reduces the number of experiments required. + +When you plot the data in a dimensional format, you would see multiple curves, +but when you plot them in a nondimensional format, you will observe that they fall +onto one curve: + +![](./images/nondim-format.png) + +This verifies the relationship $C_m = g(\text{Re})$ and our dimensional analysis. + +You can use this nondimensional graph to find the behaviour for any value of $C_m$ and +$\text{Re}$ within the range of your experiment. +As always, you should be careful when extrapolating. + +If nondimensional points do not fall on the same line, there may be a parameters that +are left out: + +- Thickness of the gap between stator and rotor +- Cone angle +- Surface roughness +- Fluid heating due to viscous dissipation + +# Buckingham Pi Theorem + +If a physical process is fully described by $n$ variables and $k$ dimensions, then +$m = n - k$ dimensionless groups are sufficient to describe the process. + +For example, say $n = 5$ and $k = 3$ such that $v_1 = f(v_2, v_3, v_4, v_5)$. +The theorem says that $m = 5 -2$ --- two nondimensional groups should be sufficient to +describe the process with a functional relationship: $\Pi_1 = g(\Pi_2)$. + +Then pick the two variables that are of the most interest, e.g. $v_1$ and $v_5$, and +use the other three to form the dimensionless groups. + +It is important that these three do not themselves form a dimensionless group. + +$\Pi_1$, $\Pi_2$ are then formed by the variable we chose and power products of the +three others.: + +$$\Pi_1 = v_1 v_2^av_3^bv_4^c$$ + +$$\Pi_2 = v_5 v_2^dv_3^ev_4^f$$ + +The exponents are obtained by knowing the groups are dimensionless: + +$$[\Pi_1] = [v_1] [v_2]^a[v_3]^b[v_4]^c = [M]^0[L]^0[T]^0$$ + +$$[\Pi_2] = [v_5] [v_2]^d[v_3]^e[v_4]^f = [M]^0[L]^0[T]^0$$ + +where $M$, $L$, and $T$ are units of mass, length, and time respectively. + +The two equations results in some simple simultaneous equations to solve to find the +coefficients $a$, $b$, $c$, $d$, $e$, $f$. + +