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+---
+author: Akbar Rahman
+date: \today
+title: MMME2044 // Bearings
+tags: [ bearings ]
+uuid: 94cac3fd-c352-4fdd-833d-6129cb484b8a
+lecture_slides: [ ./lecture_slides/Lecture 7 - Bearings 1 – Plain Hydrodynamic Bearings 1.pdf ]
+---
+
+> I don't think I ever finished these notes.
+
+# Types of Bearings
+
+
+
+
+## Plain Journal Bearings
+
+
+
+- used to support rotating shafts loaded in radial directions
+- consists of an insert fitted between the shaft and support
+- the insert may be an aluminium alloy, copper alloy, or other material
+- the insert provides lower friction and less wear than if just rotating in the support
+- the bearing may be dry rubbing or lubricated
+
+### Lubrication
+
+- hydrodynamic---a shaft continuously in oil. the load is carried by pressure generated in the oil
+ as a result of the rotation
+- hydrostatic---avoids excessive wear at start up by pumping oil into the load bearing area at a
+ pressure that lifts the shaft
+- solid-firm---a coating of a solid material like graphite or molybdenum disulphide
+- boundary layer---a thin layer of lubricant which adheres to the surface of the bearing
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## Ball and Roller Bearings (Rolling Element Bearings)
+
+
+
+- main load is transferred from rotating shaft to its support by rolling contact from balls
+- a rolling element bearing consists of an inner race, outer race, rolling elements and a cage
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## Plain Rubbing Bearings (Dry Sliding)
+
+
+
+- does not use liquid lubrication
+- usually polymeric
+- dry lubricants added (e.g. PTFE)
+- reinforcements added (e.g. glass fibre)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## Oil Lubricated Porous Bearings
+
+
+
+- manufactured from sintered metal powders
+- porous and oil impregnated
+- more porous is weaker but allows for high speeds
+- lubricant needs to replenished at regular intervals --- usually every 1000 hours of use
+
+
+
+
+
+
+# Hydrodynamic Bearings
+
+
+
+- pressure builds up in the lubricant as a response to the relative motion
+- both journal and thrust bearings may use this principle
+- surfaces touch and rub at very low speeds
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+# fun graphs that may be useful for bearing selection
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+# $pV$ Factor
+
+- a measure of the bearing's ability to cope with frictional heat generation
+- rapid wear occurs at $pV_\text{max}$
+- if the value is exceeded then overheating, melting, and excessive wear or seizure may follow
+- general operational range should be around $0.5pV_\text{max}$
+
+
+
+- A - thermoplastics
+- B - PTFE
+- C - PTFE + fillers
+- D - porous bronze + PTF + lead
+- E - PTFE-glass weave + thermoset
+- F - reinforced thermoset + molybdenum disulphide
+- G - thermoset/carbon graphite + PTFE
+
+## Radial Sliding Bearing
+
+$$p = \frac{F_\text{radial}}{bD}$$
+
+$$V = \omega\frac D2$$
+
+
+
+
+## Axial Sliding Bearing
+
+$$p = \frac{4F_\text{axial}}{\pi(D^2-d^2)}$$
+
+$$V = \omega\frac{D+d}{4}$$
+
+
+
+# Wear
+
+$$K = \frac{W}{FVt}$$
+
+where $K$ is wear factor (provided by manufacturer), $W$ is wear volume, $F$ is sliding velocity,
+$F$ is bearing load, and $t$ is elapsed time.
+
+# Manufacture
+
+- nominal diametral clearance is commonly 1 $\mu$m per mm
+- manufacturing tolerance
+
+ - close running fit (H8/f7)
+ - free running (H9/d9)
+
diff --git a/uni/mmme/2044_design_manufacture_and_project/pneumatics_and_hydraulics.md b/uni/mmme/2044_design_manufacture_and_project/pneumatics_and_hydraulics.md
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+---
+author: Akbar Rahman
+date: \today
+title: MMME2044 // Pneumatics and Hydraulics
+tags: [ uni, mmme2044, pneumatics, hydraulics ]
+uuid: 9df953f9-13bc-40df-916a-dccaf9a338cf
+lecture_slides: [ ./lecture_slides/Lecture 4 Pneumatics and Hydraulics.pdf ]
+---
+
+> I don't think I ever finished these notes.
+
+# Actuation Systems
+
+Actuation systems are the elements of control systems which are responsible for transforming the
+output of a control system (such as a microcontroller or microprocessor) into a controlling action
+on a machine or device.
+
+
+
+# Typical Hydraulic Power System
+
+The pump pumps oil from a sump through a [non return valve](#non-return-valve) and an
+[accumulator](#accumulator) to the system, from which it returns to the sump.
+
+
+
+## Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydraulic Power Systems
+
+Advantages:
+
+- Able to generate extremely large forces from compact actuators
+- Easy to control speed
+- Easy to implement linear motion
+
+Disadvantages:
+
+- Large infrastructure (high pressure pump, tank, distribution lines)
+- Potential fluid leaks
+- Noisy operation
+- Vibration
+- Maintenance
+- Characteristics of fluids change with temperature and moisture
+
+## Components of the System
+
+### Hydraulic Pump
+
+This provides the pressure and flow of the liquid in the system.
+
+[More information about pumps](#types-of-pumps)
+
+### Pressure Relief Valve
+
+This is a safety system that safely let's out the fluid of a pressurised system if the pressure
+exceeds a specified safe pressure.
+
+### Non-return Valve
+
+### Accumulator
+
+The accumulator is a container in which the oil is held under pressure against an external force.
+This smoothes out any short term fluctuations in the output oil pressure of the pump.
+
+
+
+- oil pressure rises → gas bladder contracts → more volume for oil to occupy → pressure reduces
+- oil pressure reduces → gas bladder expands → less volume for oil to occupy → pressure increases
+
+
+# Types of Pumps
+
+## Gear Pump
+
+A gear pump uses the meshing of gears to pump fluid by displacement.
+They are one of the most common types of pumps for hydraulic fluid power applications.
+
+They are also widely used in chemical installations to pump high viscosity fluids.
+
+
+
+## Vane Pump
+
+A rotary vane pump is a positive displacement pump that consists of vanes mounted to a rotor that
+rotates inside of a cavity.
+
+In some cases these vanes have have variable length and/or be tensioned to maintain contact with
+the walls as the pump rotates.
+
+
+
+## Radial Piston Pump
+
+The working pistons extend in a radial direction symmetrically around the drive shaft to take in
+fluid and output it at the outlet port.
+
+
+
+## Axial Piston Pump with Wash Plate
+
+An axial piston pump is a positive displacement pump that has a number of pistons in a circular
+array within a cylinder block.
+It can be used as a stand-alone pump, a hydraulic motor or an automotive air conditioning
+compressor.
+
+
+
+# Typical Pneumatic Power System
+
+
+
+1. (Filter, Silencer) The air inlet to the compressor is likely to be filtered silenced to reduce
+ the noise level.
+2. An electric motor drives the compressor
+3. The pressure relief valve protects the system against rising above a safe level
+4. (Cooler, Water Trap) Since the compressor increases the temperature of the air, there may be a
+ cooling system and filter/water trap to cool the air and remove contaminants from the system.
+5. An air receiver increases the volume of air in the system, to smooth out short term pressure
+ fluctuations
+
+## Advantages and Disadvantages of a Pneumatic System
+
+Advantages:
+
+- Cheaper than electrical or hydraulic actuation
+- Non-flammable so can use in harsh environments
+- Simple to implement
+- Controllable
+
+Disadvantages:
+
+- Does not produce a "stiff" system
+- Requires a compressor, air conditioning, and control valves
+- Pressurised air can be dangerous
+
+# Actuators
+
+Actuators generate a Force or Moment.
+Both hydraulic and pneumatic actuators have the same principles, but differ in size.
+Cylinders are the principal actuators for pneumatics:
+
+
+
+
+
+## Terminology
+
+
+
+Supply to compressed air to one chamber requires exhaust from the other chamber.
+
+#### Positive Stroke
+
+Extends and pushes to + position.
+
+#### Negative Stroke
+
+Retracts to - position.
+
+## Single Acting Linear Actuator
+
+The control pressure is applied to one side of the piston.
+
+
+
+When pressure is applied the piston moves along the cylinder.
+
+When pressure is no long applied the piston reverts back to its initial position and the air is
+vented from the cylinder.
+
+## Double Acting Linear Actuator
+
+Double Acting Linear Actuators are used by applying pressure to one of two sides to move a rod in
+one of two directions.
+
+
+
+## Rotary Actuator
+
+These produce a rotary motion.
+
+A linear cylinder can be used to produce rotary motion with angles less than 360 degrees with the
+correct linkages:
+
+
+
+You can also have vane type semi rotary, where the difference in pressure causes rotation:
+
+
+
+# Control Valves
+
+Pneumatic and hydraulic systems use directional control valves to direct the flow of fluid through a
+system.
+
+They may be activated to switch the fluid flow direction by means of mechanical, electrical, or
+fluid signal pressure.
+
+## Valve Flow Symbols
+
+
+
+## Valve Actuation Symbols
+
+
+
+### Solenoid Operated Spool Valve
+
+
+
+## Spool Directional Control Valve
+
+Move horizontally within the valve body to control flow:
+
+
+
+## Poppet Valve
+
+This valve is normally closed.
+
+
+
+## Pressure Control Valve
+
+
+
+## Servo Valve
+
+An electrohydraulic servo valve is an electrically operated valve that controls how hydraulic fluid
+is sent to an actuator.
+
+Servo valves are often used to control powerful hydraulic cylinders with very small electrical
+signal.
+
+Servo valves can provide precise control of position, velocity, pressure, and force with good post
+movement characteristics.
+
+
+
+## Process Control Valve
+
+Used to control the fluid flow rate.
+
+A common form of pneuma