Expand Newb Guide flashing document (#2588)

* Add header info

* Add DFU section

* Add Caterina section

* Add Halfkay section

* Fix Typos

* More typos

docs/newbs_flashing.md

@@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
-# Flashing Your Keyboard With QMK Toolbox
+# Flashing Your Keyboard 
 
 Now that you've built a custom firmware file you'll want to flash your keyboard. 
 
-## Load The File Into QMK Toolbox
+## Flashing Your Keyboard with QMK Toolbox
+
+The simplest way to flash your keyboard will be with the [QMK Toolbox](https://github.com/qmk/qmk_toolbox/releases). 
+
+However, the QMK Toolbox is only available for Windows and macOS currently.  If you're using Linux (or just wish to flash the firmware from the command line), you'll have to use the [method outlined below](newbs_flashing.md#flash-your-keyboard-from-the-command-line).
+
+### Load The File Into QMK Toolbox
 
 Begin by opening the QMK Toolbox application. You'll want to locate the firmware file in Finder or Explorer. Your keyboard firmware may be in one of two formats- `.hex` or `.bin`. QMK tries to copy the appropriate one for your keyboard into the root `qmk_firmware` directory.
 
@@ -28,7 +34,7 @@ For example, the `plank/rev5` with a `default` keymap will have this filename:
 
 Once you have located your firmware file drag it into the "Local file" box in QMK Toolbox, or click "Open" and navigate to where your firmware file is stored. 
 
-## Put Your Keyboard Into DFU (Bootloader) Mode
+### Put Your Keyboard Into DFU (Bootloader) Mode
 
 In order to flash your custom firmware you have to put your keyboard into a special flashing mode. While it is in this mode you will not be able to type or otherwise use your keyboard. It is very important that you do not unplug your keyboard or otherwise interrupt the flashing process while the firmware is being written.
 
@@ -47,7 +53,7 @@ When you are successful you will see a message similar to this in QMK Toolbox:
 *** DFU device connected
 ```
 
-## Flash Your Keyboard
+### Flash Your Keyboard
 
 Click the `Flash` button in QMK Toolbox. You will see output similar to the following:
 
@@ -72,6 +78,163 @@ Click the `Flash` button in QMK Toolbox. You will see output similar to the foll
 *** Clueboard - Clueboard 66% HotSwap connected -- 0xC1ED:0x2390
 ```
 
+## Flash your Keyboard from the Command Line
+
+First thing you'll need to know is which bootloader that your keyboard uses.  There are four main bootloaders that are used, usually. Pro-Micro and clones use CATERINA, and Teensy's use Halfkay, OLKB boards use QMK-DFU, and other atmega32u4 chips use DFU. 
+
+You can find more information about the bootloaders in the [Flashing Instructions and Bootloader Information](flashing.md) page. 
+
+If you know what bootloader that you're using, then when compiling the firmware, you can actually add some extra text to the `make` command to automate the flashing process. 
+
+### DFU
+
+For the DFU bootloader, when you're ready to compile and flash your firmware, open up your terminal window and run the built command: 
+
+    make <my_keyboard>:<my_keymap>:dfu
+
+For example, if your keymap is named "xyverz" and you're building a keymap for a rev5 planck, you'll use this command:
+
+    make planck/rev5:xyverz:dfu
+
+Once it finishes compiling, it should output the following:
+
+```
+Linking: .build/planck_rev5_xyverz.elf                                                              [OK]
+Creating load file for flashing: .build/planck_rev5_xyverz.hex                                      [OK]
+Copying planck_rev5_xyverz.hex to qmk_firmware folder                                               [OK]
+Checking file size of planck_rev5_xyverz.hex                                                        
+ * File size is fine - 18574/28672
+ ```
+
+After it gets to this point, the build script will look for the DFU bootloader every 5 seconds.  It will repeat the following until the device is found or you cancel it. 
+
+    dfu-programmer: no device present.
+    Error: Bootloader not found. Trying again in 5s.
+
+Once it does this, you'll want to reset the controller.  It should then show output similiar to this: 
+
+```
+*** Attempting to flash, please don't remove device
+>>> dfu-programmer atmega32u4 erase --force
+    Erasing flash...  Success
+    Checking memory from 0x0 to 0x6FFF...  Empty.
+>>> dfu-programmer atmega32u4 flash /Users/skully/qmk_firmware/clueboard_66_hotswap_gen1_skully.hex
+    Checking memory from 0x0 to 0x55FF...  Empty.
+    0%                            100%  Programming 0x5600 bytes...
+    [>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>]  Success
+    0%                            100%  Reading 0x7000 bytes...
+    [>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>]  Success
+    Validating...  Success
+    0x5600 bytes written into 0x7000 bytes memory (76.79%).
+>>> dfu-programmer atmega32u4 reset
+```
+
+If you have any issues with this, you may need to this: 
+
+    sudo make <my_keyboard>:<my_keymap>:dfu
+
+### Caterina 
+
+For Arduino boards and their close (such as the SparkFun ProMicro), when you're ready to compile and flash your firmware, open up your terminal window and run the built command: 
+
+    make <my_keyboard>:<my_keymap>:avrdude
+
+For example, if your keymap is named "xyverz" and you're building a keymap for a rev2 Lets Split, you'll use this command:
+
+    make lets_split/rev2:xyverz:avrdude
+
+Once the firmware finishes compiling, it will output something like this: 
+
+```
+Linking: .build/lets_split_rev2_xyverz.elf                                                            [OK]
+Creating load file for flashing: .build/lets_split_rev2_xyverz.hex                                    [OK]
+Checking file size of lets_split_rev2_xyverz.hex                                                      [OK]
+ * File size is fine - 27938/28672
+Detecting USB port, reset your controller now..............
+```
+
+At this point, reset the board and then the script will detect the bootloader and then flash the board.  The output should look something like this: 
+
+```
+Detected controller on USB port at /dev/ttyS15
+
+Connecting to programmer: .
+Found programmer: Id = "CATERIN"; type = S
+    Software Version = 1.0; No Hardware Version given.
+Programmer supports auto addr increment.
+Programmer supports buffered memory access with buffersize=128 bytes.
+
+Programmer supports the following devices:
+    Device code: 0x44
+
+avrdude.exe: AVR device initialized and ready to accept instructions
+
+Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.00s
+
+avrdude.exe: Device signature = 0x1e9587 (probably m32u4)
+avrdude.exe: NOTE: "flash" memory has been specified, an erase cycle will be performed
+             To disable this feature, specify the -D option.
+avrdude.exe: erasing chip
+avrdude.exe: reading input file "./.build/lets_split_rev2_xyverz.hex"
+avrdude.exe: input file ./.build/lets_split_rev2_xyverz.hex auto detected as Intel Hex
+avrdude.exe: writing flash (27938 bytes):
+
+Writing | ################################################## | 100% 2.40s
+
+avrdude.exe: 27938 bytes of flash written
+avrdude.exe: verifying flash memory against ./.build/lets_split_rev2_xyverz.hex:
+avrdude.exe: load data flash data from input file ./.build/lets_split_rev2_xyverz.hex:
+avrdude.exe: input file ./.build/lets_split_rev2_xyverz.hex auto detected as Intel Hex
+avrdude.exe: input file ./.build/lets_split_rev2_xyverz.hex contains 27938 bytes
+avrdude.exe: reading on-chip flash data:
+
+Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.43s
+
+avrdude.exe: verifying ...
+avrdude.exe: 27938 bytes of flash verified
+
+avrdude.exe: safemode: Fuses OK (E:CB, H:D8, L:FF)
+
+avrdude.exe done.  Thank you.
+```
+If you have any issues with this, you may need to this: 
+
+    sudo make <my_keyboard>:<my_keymap>:avrdude
+
+## HalfKay
+
+For the PJRC devices (Teensy's), when you're ready to compile and flash your firmware, open up your terminal window and run the built command: 
+
+    make <my_keyboard>:<my_keymap>:teensy
+
+For example, if your keymap is named "xyverz" and you're building a keymap for an Ergodox or Ergodox EZ, you'll use this command:
+
+    make erdogox_ez:xyverz:teensy
+
+Once the firmware finishes compiling, it will output something like this: 
+
+```
+Linking: .build/ergodox_ez_xyverz.elf                                                               [OK]
+Creating load file for flashing: .build/ergodox_ez_xyverz.hex                                       [OK]
+Checking file size of ergodox_ez_xyverz.hex                                                         [OK]
+ * File size is fine - 25584/32256
+ Teensy Loader, Command Line, Version 2.1
+Read "./.build/ergodox_ez_xyverz.hex": 25584 bytes, 79.3% usage
+Waiting for Teensy device...
+ (hint: press the reset button)
+ ```
+
+ At this point, reset your board.  Once you've done that, you'll see output like this: 
+
+ ```
+ Found HalfKay Bootloader
+Read "./.build/ergodox_ez_drashna.hex": 28532 bytes, 88.5% usage
+Programming............................................................................................................................................................................
+...................................................
+Booting
+```
+
+
 ## Test It Out!
 
 Congrats! Your custom firmware has been programmed to your keyboard!