Create notes on mmme1029 lecture 1

mechanical/mmme1029_materials.md

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+---
+author: Alvie Rahman
+date: \today
+title: MMME1029 // Materials
+tags: [ uni, nottingham, mmme1029, materials ]
+---
+
+# Lecture 1 (2021-10-04)
+
+## 1A Reading Notes
+
+### Classification of Energy-Related Materials
+
+- Passive materials---do not take part in energy conversion e.g. structures in pipelines, turbine
+  blades, oil drills
+- Active materials---directly take part in energy conversion e.g. solar cells, batteries, catalysts,
+  superconducting magnests
+
+- The material and chemical problems for conventional energy systems are mostly well understood and
+  usually associated wit structural and mechanical properties or long standing chemical effects like
+  corrosion:
+
+    - fossil fuels
+    - hydroelectric
+    - oil from shale and tar
+    - sands
+    - coal gasification
+    - liquefaction
+    - geothermal energy
+    - wind power
+    - bomass conversion
+    - solar cells
+    - nuclear reactors
+
+### Applications of Energy-Related Materials
+
+#### High Temperature Materials (and Theoretical Thermodynamic Efficiency)
+
+- Thermodynamics indicated that the higher the temperature, the greater the efficiency of heat to
+work:
+
+  $= \frac{T_{high}-T_{low}}{T_{high}}$ (in kelvin)
+
+- The first steam engines were only 1% efficient, while modern steam engines are 35% efficient
+  primarily due to improved high-temperature materials.
+- Early engines made from cast iron while modern engines made from alloys containing nickel,
+  molybdenum, chromium, and silicon, which don't fail at temperature above 540 \textdegree{}C
+- Modern combustion engines are nearing the limits of metals so new materials that can function
+  at even higher temperatures must be found--- particularly intermetallic compounds and ceramics are
+  being developed
+
+## Types of Stainless Steel
+
+- Type 304---common; iron, carbon, nickel, and chromium
+- Type 316---expensive; iron, carbon, chromium, nickel, molybdenum
+
+## Self Quiz 1
+
+1. What is made of billion year old carbon + water + sprinkling of stardust?
+
+   > Me
+
+2. What are the main classifications of metals?
+
+   > Metals, glass and ceramics, plastics, elastomers, 
+
+3. [There are] Few Iron Age artefacts left. Why?
+
+   > They rusted away
+
+4. What is maens by 'the micro-structure of a material'?
+
+   > The very small scale structure of a material which can have strong influence on its physical
+   > properties like toughness and ductility and corrosion resistance
+
+5. What is a 'micrograph' of a material?
+
+   > A picture taken through a microscope
+
+6. What microscope is used to investage the microstructure of a material down to a 1 micron scale
+   resolution?
+
+   > Optical Microscope
+
+7. What microscope is used [to investigate] the microstructure of a material down to a 100 nm scale
+   resolution?
+
+   > Scanning Electron Microscope
+
+8. What length scales did you see in the first slide set?
+
+   > 1 mm, 0.5 mm, 1.5 \textmu{}m
+
+9. What material properties were mentioned in the first slide set?
+
+   > Hardness, brittleness, melting point, corrosion, density, thermal insulation
+
+## Self Quiz 2
+
+1. What is the effect of lowering the temperature of rubber?
+
+   > Makes it more brittle, much less elastic and flexible
+
+2. What material properties were mentioned in the second slide set?
+
+   > Young's modulus, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion